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The 16 Strivings for God: The New Psychology of Religious Experiences, by Steven Reiss
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The first comprehensive, psychological theory in over a century--Reiss picks up where William James left off This ground breaking work will change the way we understand religion. Period. Previous scholars such as Freud, James, Durkheim, and Maslow did not successfully identify the essence of religion as fear of death, mysticism, sacredness, communal bonding, magic, or peak experiences because religion has no single essence. Religion is about the values motivated by the sixteen basic desires of human nature. It has mass appeal because it accommodates the values of people with opposite personality traits. This is the first comprehensive theory of the psychology of religion that can be scientifically verified. Reiss proposes a peer-reviewed, original theory of mysticism, asceticism, spiritual personality, and hundreds of religious beliefs and practices. Written for serious readers and anyone interested in psychology and religion (especially their own), this eminently readable book will revolutionize the psychology of religious experience by exploring the motivations and characteristics of the individual in their religious life.
- Sales Rank: #805576 in Books
- Published on: 2015-10-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .56" w x 6.00" l, .90 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 192 pages
Review
Steven Reiss has developed a comprehensive theory of religion that illuminates why it is that religion is such a pervasive cultural force. Rather than impose unwarranted assumptions that either applaud or condemn religion, Reiss allows his empirically grounded theory to reveal how values that define religion are rooted in the sixteen basic desires all humans have.
--RALPH W. HOOD JR., PhD, Former editor, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
Steven Reiss' response to those who see religion as stemming from the fear of death is very powerful--and a major contribution of the book in itself. --
ANDREW McKINNON, University of Aberdeen
Steven Reiss is a profound thinker and a deeply compassionate person. Those qualities come together in this book as he probes one of the most difficult questions of all time--what are our basic human needs and how do religion and spirituality fulfill those needs? His answers will captivate and enlighten you.--CAROL DWECK, Lewis & Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology, Stanford University
Professor Reiss has written an extremely interesting, creative, and original book presenting a new theory about religion and the religious life. --ELLEN LANGER, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University
About the Author
Steven Reiss is an American psychologist who continues to contribute original ideas, new assessment methods, and influential research studies to three topics in psychology: anxiety disorders, developmental disabilities, and intrinsic motivation. Reiss was educated at Dartmouth College, Yale University, and Harvard University. He served as a tenured professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago (1972-1991) and at The Ohio State University (1991-2008), where for sixteen years he directed the developmental disabilities center at The Ohio State University Medical Center. He is the author of several books, including the bestselling Who Am I? The 16 Basic Desires that Motivate Our Actions and Define Our Personalities .
Most helpful customer reviews
14 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
A Milestone Contribution to Understanding the Psychology of Religious Experiences
By An Appreciative Reader
Since not all of the world’s major religions worship God, what is the essence of religion if it is not worshiping God? And, how is it that some people can use the scriptures of their religion to support the belief that God wants them to extend peace, while others use the same scriptures to support the belief that God wants them to kill in his name? Why do so many religions include seemingly contradictory teachings and practices?
Dr. Reiss’ “The Sixteen Strivings for God” offers answers to these and many more questions about the psychology of religious experiences.
At the same time "The 16 Strivings for God” is the first book to provide a comprehensive theory providing a link between personality, motivation and the often contradictory teachings and practices of the world’s religions.
I first encountered Dr. Reiss’ work when comparing the leading personality theories. I found his model compelling because it was the first to scientifically derive an inventory of universal human desires by actually asking thousands of people about their desires. Using the statistical technique known as factor analysis he derived the following 16 universal human desires:
• Acceptance, the desire for positive self-regard
• Curiosity, the desire for understanding
• Eating, the desire for food
• Family, the desire to raise children and spend time with siblings
• Honor, the desire for upright character
• Idealism, the desire for social justice
• Independence, the desire for self-reliance
• Order, the desire for structure
• Physical Activity, the desire for muscle exercise
• Power, the desire for influence or leadership
• Romance, the desire for beauty and sex
• Saving, the desire to collect
• Social Contact, the desire to have fun with peers
• Status, the desire for respect based on social standing
• Tranquility, the desire for safety
• Vengeance, the desire to confront provocations.
Although everyone embraces all 16 basic desires, individuals differ in the strength of each desire. Dr. Reiss’ theory in a nutshell is this: “People embrace religion because it provides them with opportunities to satisfy their basic desires again and again. It offers repeated opportunities to satisfy all 16 basic desires. It addresses each of the 16 basic desires both in strong form and in weak form.”
“My hypothesis is that people are attracted to those aspects of religion that help them satisfy their strong and weak basic desires. A person with a strong basic desire for Social Contact, for example, might be attracted to religious festivals, while a person with a weak basic desire for Social Contact might be attracted to religious retreats.” A person with a weak basic desire for Vengeance might be attracted to passages in scriptures that speak of peace and forgiveness, while a person with a strong basic desire for Vengeance might be attracted to passages that speak of revenge.
The multi-faceted character of human motivation explains why there is often contradictory teachings and practices in the world’s religions. In the same way people are multifaceted and have all 16 needs in differing levels, there is literally “something for everyone” in the world’s religions; teachings and practices that meet the high and weak forms of each of the 16 universal desires. As Dr. Reiss puts it, “the theory of 16 strivings for God may be the only psychological theory that potentially explains why religions embrace opposite values, as in the examples of praying to a God of peace for victory in war, or fearing the God who keeps us safe.”
In addition to exploring how the 16 basic desires play out in religious teachings and practices, Dr. Reiss takes an in-depth look at what he believes are the personality profiles of asceticism and mysticism, which he sees as being grounded in specific normal personality traits.
In contrast with the psychological theories of religion that have sought a single principle to explain the origin of religion, or which see religion as “nothing but” a way of dealing with the fear of death, Dr. Reiss’ approach is deeply nuanced and multi-faceted in the same way that human personality is multi-faceted..
“The 16 Strivings for God” is not a reductionist account of the psychology of religion and spiritual experiences. Dr. Reiss is clear that he does not see religious teachings and practices as “nothing but” a projection of the 16 basic needs. Instead, his approach provides a deeper and richer understanding of the world’s religious teachings and practices that is linked to the 16 basic human desires.
Like Carl Jung, Dr. Reiss sees the psychology of religion not as a way to dismiss or discount religious experiences, but as a way to deepen our understanding of these experiences: “The theory of 16 strivings for God potentially explains how human beings conceive of the divine.” And, “religion is at its best when its message is inclusiveness of all kinds of people. The 16 basic desires is an inclusive construct equally applicable to all kinds of people.”
The bonus? If you are familiar with the 16 basic desires, “The 16 Strivings for God” will provide an even deeper understanding of this powerful personality model. If this is your first introduction to the Reiss 16, be prepared for an encounter with what I believe is the best motivational model of personality currently available.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Strive to Read This Amazing Book and Learn Why You Desire to Worship a God.
By A. Dix
Why are religious practices and beliefs so satisfying for so many different people? Dr. Steven Reiss, PhD. offers a concise and highly readable theory of humans' motivation to seek God. This rather brief book summarizes Reiss' 16 Basic Desires Theory of Human Motivation and brilliantly applies it to understand what drives humanity to seek God. This is a non-denominational look at religion as a human practice. It will be equally applicable to any faith. Why do you do what you do? Dr. Reiss simply says, because you naturally need to based on your genetic intrinsic motives, culture and upbringing. A truly fascinating read.
8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Not as thoughtful as you might think
By granger
Read the title. This is a 'psychology' of the striving for god. Its a behavioral/motivational approach to why people are attracted to religion. Its fine as far as it goes. He has really done a decent scientific evaluation of values and observable motivations. But the problem is that he thinks he is explaining the nature of spirituality and he's not. This is a discipline oriented approach using psychology to catch spirituality - and not succeeding. He talks in both of his books about his near death experience. He is obviously still trying to figure out what it all means.
Overall, its a rather superficial analysis of spirituality that reads more like a graduate academic paper stringing together some relevant citations. It lacks coherence and integration. I really don't think he understands the larger message of the people he cites like James, Freud, and especially Maslow.
If you would like to read something with some depth about our motivations for religion I'd suggest starting with Ernest Becker's "The Denial of Death". There are elements of fears and uncertainty that underlie all the desires he has identified. Only by understanding those fears will you actually learn something about your desires. Similarly, a Buddhist would tell you that its your desires that are blocking your experience of the spiritual. Understanding your desires IS important, but its a far more nuanced endeavor.
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