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Lenin on the Train, by Catherine Merridale
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One of The Economist's Best Books of the Year
A gripping, meticulously researched account of Lenin’s fateful 1917 rail journey from Zurich to Petrograd, where he ignited the Russian Revolution and forever changed the world
In April 1917, as the Russian Tsar Nicholas II’s abdication sent shockwaves across war-torn Europe, the future leader of the Bolshevik revolution Vladimir Lenin was far away, exiled in Zurich. When the news reached him, Lenin immediately resolved to return to Petrograd and lead the revolt. But to get there, he would have to cross Germany, which meant accepting help from the deadliest of Russia’s adversaries. Millions of Russians at home were suffering as a result of German aggression, and to accept German aid―or even safe passage―would be to betray his homeland. Germany, for its part, saw an opportunity to further destabilize Russia by allowing Lenin and his small group of revolutionaries to return.
Now, in Lenin on the Train, drawing on a dazzling array of sources and never-before-seen archival material, renowned historian Catherine Merridale provides a riveting, nuanced account of this enormously consequential journey―the train ride that changed the world―as well as the underground conspiracy and subterfuge that went into making it happen. Writing with the same insight and formidable intelligence that distinguished her earlier works, she brings to life a world of counter-espionage and intrigue, wartime desperation, illicit finance, and misguided utopianism.
When Lenin arrived in Petrograd’s now-famous Finland Station, he delivered an explosive address to the impassioned crowds. Simple and extreme, the text of this speech has been compared to such momentous documents as Constantine’s edict of Milan and Martin Luther’s ninety-five theses. It was the moment when the Russian revolution became Soviet, the genesis of a system of tyranny and faith that changed the course of Russia’s history forever and transformed the international political climate.
- Sales Rank: #32520 in Books
- Published on: 2017-03-28
- Released on: 2017-03-28
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: .0" h x .0" w x .0" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 368 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
12 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
we are told some of the story of the 1917 revolution but it stops short of the dramatic events of October so brilliantly describ
By adrian garai
This book really has the wrong title. The section of the book dealing with Lenin's train journey across Germany is relatively short. The bulk of the text is given over to a history of revolutionary Russia and Lenin's part in it. Having got him to Petrograd, we are told some of the story of the 1917 revolution but it stops short of the dramatic events of October so brilliantly described by John Reed in the classic Ten Days That Shook the World.
Overall a rather confusing and frustrating read, especially on a Kindle where it is more difficult to refer back.
17 of 21 people found the following review helpful.
Lenin issued first and second class passes to the toilet
By Lost John
One hundred years ago, Lenin was living in Zurich, apparently happily. Using the city’s public library, he read prodigiously and drafted ‘Imperialism: The highest stage of capitalism’.
In February 1917, revolution rocked Petrograd, the Russian capital, and Tsar Nicholas abdicated. A Provisional Government was set up as an alliance between liberals and socialists.
Lenin did not approve of the new governmental arrangements and was greatly frustrated by not being able to travel to Russia to take his part. The First World War was continuing and crossing German territory to reach Russia would be seen in Russia as a betrayal, a sign that he was secretly in league with the enemy. Britain would not provide him with safe passage as it was well known that he was strongly opposed to Russia’s continued participation in the ‘imperialist’ war.
It was, however, his opposition to Russia’s involvement in the war that provided the key to his escape from Switzerland. Tentative enquiries and suggestions led to his acceptance of an offer of travel through Germany in the now-famous ‘sealed’ railway carriage. Germany hoped that Lenin’s influence in Petrograd would result in Russia abandoning the war, enabling Germany to transfer men and munitions from its Eastern Front to the West.
The carriage was sealed on Lenin’s insistence, not the Germans’. He was desperately anxious that he should not be compromised by any contact with Germans. The carriage was given extra-territorial status. Two German guards travelled at the rear of the carriage, but a chalk line was drawn across the floor to separate them from Lenin and his fellow exiles.
The chalk line was not the only farcical aspect. Another was the consequence of Lenin’s ban on smoking other than in the toilet. Long queues meant he had to issue first and second class passes to the toilet.
Unfortunately, the intended ferry from Germany’s Baltic coast to Sweden was missed and a whole extra day was spent in Germany before the party could leave.
Once clear of German territory, the party no longer needed to travel in isolation and they took an overnight express from Malmö to Stockholm. In Stockholm, they were able to wash, relax and eat in a good hotel. Lenin shopped for shoes and a suit in which he was much photographed over the following year or so.
Catherine Merridale has taken great care in tracing Lenin’s precise route to Russia and in researching this book made the full journey herself. ‘I have yet to see a map that shows the route that Lenin really took,’ she writes. (That, presumably, was written before the creation of the excellent map included in her book.) ‘Most experts send him north along a line that was not even built in 1917, and at least one book – a classic that has been reprinted many times – gets the journey wrong by well over 1,000 miles.’
Her route extends north in Sweden almost to the Arctic Circle, crossing the frozen River Torne to enter Finland. The railway did not cross the river, so Lenin crossed by sledge and on the other side commenced a new train journey through Finland.
Lenin expected problems on reaching the Russian border, but instead was surprised by an enthusiastic reception party. It was a foretaste of the enormous welcome to come when the train finally reached Petrograd’s Finland Station.
Merridale shatters more myths – in particular, the locomotive pulling that train was not number 293, preserved and displayed to this day at the Finland Station. Lenin travelled on a train hauled by 293 when he returned to Finland for a renewed exile from July to October 1917 – but it is true that the crowds at the Finland Station on that (Orthodox) Easter Monday numbered in the thousands. The reception and speeches continued far into the night.
Besides detailing the journey, Merridale sketches-in developments between the February and October Revolutions and at times looks as far forward as the Brest-Litovsk agreement of March 1918, Russia’s exit from the war. She is much interested in Lenin’s political philosophy – almost all chapters are headed by a Lenin quotation – and from time to time quotes Trotsky and others.
She also tackles the subject of finance provided by Germany. She thinks it was needlessly dishonest of Lenin to consistently deny the existence of German funding. Quite how it reached Petrograd is still shrouded in mystery; a contemporary German source indicates ‘various channels and under different labels’.
In all, the book is an enlightening and not too taxing romp through the material.
10 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
It Began with a Trip on a Train
By Andrew Desmond
It is fascinating to speculate about the big man in history. Is history shaped by the individual, in this case Lenin, or does history shape the man? This thought is always in the background of this fascinating history of Lenin’s Journey from Zurich to Petrograd in 1917. It was a journey that was the spark to the October Revolution.
When the Czar abdicated in early 1917, Vladimir Lenin was stuck in Zurich. He dreamed of returning to Russia to foment revolution. He believed it to be inevitable. However, to get to Petrograd involved a train trip across Germany, Russia’s enemy. Such a trip could have been regarded as treasonous even if it were possible. Lenin was stranded. However, in stepped Germany herself who was only too keen to see a trouble maker return to his country of birth. Lenin was given access to a “sealed train” and for over a week slowly made his way home. In due course, the Provisional Government was overthrown and the Bolsheviks seized power. Lenin became leader of the Soviet Union.
With the rise of the Soviet Union, communist governments ultimately came to power elsewhere in eastern Europe, China and even the Caribbean. Shortly thereafter came the ruinous cold war before the Soviet Union collapsed under the weight of its own contradictions. Yet, it could easily be argued that this all began with a simple train ride. If Lenin had not made the journey, world history would, arguably, have been much different. At the very least, millions of lives may have been saved.
Catherine Merridale’s book is fascinating in parts. She has closely researched details of the fateful journey from Zurich to Petrograd and paints a number of interesting portraits. However, I cannot say that the book adds a great deal to our greater understanding of Lenin and his colleagues. Whilst I enjoyed the book, I was somewhat underwhelmed by it. Perhaps I just expected more meat on the bone?
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